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Land Warfare
Leopard MBT: Alpha beast gets a reboot (updated 2025)
6th March 2025
Leopard MBTs are German-made main battle tanks that have been in service since the Cold War and have undergone several upgrades to remain competitive in modern warfare. This article traces the history and development of the Leopard 1 and 2, its variants, its operational service and its future prospects.
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Training
NATO concludes largest exercise in decades
3rd June 2024
NATO’s Operation Steadfast Defender involved more than 90,000 personnel, more than 50 ships, more than 80 aircraft flying hundreds of sorties and more than 1,100 combat vehicles from all 32 NATO allies.
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Air Warfare
Lockheed takes US JAGM and Hellfire follow-on production order
2nd April 2024
The total contract award value for Hellfire and JAGM missiles for the US services was set out for up to $4.5 billion between 2023 and 2025.
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Air Warfare
India expands ammunition production with Adani–Thales collaboration
10th July 2024
Adani Defence & Aerospace has teamed up with Thales Belgium to manufacture and assemble NATO-standard 70mm calibre ammunition, strengthening India's self-reliance in defence production.
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Air Warfare
What is wrong with the US Armed Force’s rotary-wing aviation fleet?
28th February 2024
Following more than two months of operational stand down of CV-22 Ospreys, two separate crashes of AH-64D Apaches have forced the US Army National Guard to ground its entire helicopter fleet.
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Land Warfare
British Army’s new Apaches come online as the force confronts new challenges
28th February 2024
The British Army’s new fleet of attack helicopters are a major step-change from the previous various and the force has a strong focus on the opportunities for spiral development and crewed-uncrewed teaming.
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Defence Notes
Defence business booms and order books build on the back of Russia–Ukraine war
9th August 2024
The half yearly and second quarter results of defence companies show mostly substantial increases in order books and sales, as supplying Ukraine, buying new equipment and replenishing stocks boosts contracts.
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Land Warfare
Land Warfare Review 2024: Conflict in Europe and the Middle East dominate attention and power spending
11th December 2024
Political turbulence in the US and across the Atlantic could have huge implications for Ukraine in the coming months. In 2024, however, the land warfare domain saw spending increase in eastern and central Europe, the continent continue its preference for the CV90 and a global rise in the demand for missiles.
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Training
How US marines and sailors trained for humanitarian assistance in Indo-Pacific region
11th July 2024
US Marine Corps and US Navy personnel enhanced their humanitarian assistance and disaster relief capabilities during a training exercise in Papua New Guinea.
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Air Warfare
Singapore Airshow 2024: China debuts Apache competitor attack helicopter in Singapore
20th February 2024
China's Aviation Industry Corporation has showcased the Z-10EM, an upgraded version of its Z-10 attack helicopter, designed for export markets.
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Land Warfare
KNDS pitches new Leopard 2 variant as 'gap-filler' to MGCS next-gen tank
19th June 2024
The Leopard 2 A-RC 3.0 focuses on protection and firepower by taking the crew out of the turret, providing a 30mm cannon for C-UAS use and offering a 130mm or 140mm main gun option. It can be built new or delivered as an upgrade option for existing Leopard 2s to fill the 10-year gap before the Main Ground Combat System enters service.
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Air Warfare
How the US Army is preparing its rotary wings fleet for tomorrow’s warfare
3rd April 2024
The branch has been upgrading its helicopters with advanced sensors, systems and technologies.
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Land Warfare
Improved T-90M shown in detail in Donetsk
13th February 2024
The T-90M was publicly revealed in 2017 and entered service in the Russian Army in 2020. Its export version, T-90MS, has been ordered by India and Egypt.
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Digital Battlespace
US Space Force increases efforts to plug training capabilities gaps
22nd July 2024
The service has been seeking simulation and emulation solutions capable of reproducing multiple in-orbit threats.
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Air Warfare
Netherlands receives AH-64E Version 6 Apache attack helicopters
16th January 2024
The Royal Netherlands Air Force has received two advanced AH-64E Apache Guardian attack helicopters remanufactured from the service’s AH-64D fleet.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Military UAS - fixed-wing
Apache Adjacent UAVs [Australia]
Background Requirement As reported by Shephard from the Australian International Airshow 2025, Australia requires a platform to support the manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) alongside the repoed 29 Apache AH-64E ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing
MUM-T Drone [Thailand]
Programme Background Roadmap In February 2024, the RTAF unveiled its White Paper 2024. Incorporating lessons from the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Israel-Hamas War, and other events ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - MALE
KF-21 Loyal Wingman [South Korea]
Programme Background KF-21 Boramae Crewed Fighter The Republic of Korea’s Air Force (ROKAF) plans to acquire the KF-21 Boramae fighter, replacing F-4E Phantom II and F-5E/F fighters in the ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - small
Air Launched Effect (ALE) [South Korea]
Programme Background KF-21 Boramae Crewed Fighter The Republic of Korea's Air Force (ROKAF) plans to acquire the KF-21 Boramae fighter, replacing F-4E Phantom II and ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing
Air Launched Loyal Wingman [Japan]
Programme Background Air-Launched Loyal Wingman As reported by Shephard, a 30 October 2020 contract awarded to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) meant the company would lead ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache [United Kingdom]
According to the MoD, to further ‘guarantee value for money’ systems from the current Apache fleet such as the Modernised Target Acquisition & Designation System, ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache-Follow-On [Morocco]
Programme Background Morocco has placed a request with the US government for AH-64E Apache attack helicopters. On 20 November 2019, it was announced that the ...
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Military helicopters - attack
T129B [Philippines]
Programme Background On 31 August 2019, it was announced that the Philippines National Defence Acquisition Decision Memorandum continues with the T-129 procurement. However, on 30 April ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache [Morocco]
Morocco has placed a request with the US government for AH-64E Apache attack helicopters. On 20 November 2019, it was announced that the US State ...
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Military helicopters - attack
Project Land 4503 [Australia]
Programme Background The Australian Army has begun its search for a successor to the Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH), with an RfI issued by the ...
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Trainer
Future Lead-In Fighter Training System (Project Air 6002 PH1) - Australia
Programme Background Requirements The RAAF is seeking a future solution that provides a ‘relevant, adaptable, affordable and safe LIFTS out to 2050’ for training pilots ...
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Military helicopters - attack
Kruk / AH-64E Apache [Poland]
Programme Background In May 2019, Wojciech Skurkiewicz, the Polish deputy defence, released some details on the helicopter programme. Part of Poland's broader defence modernisation plan, the tender ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache (Indian Air Force)
Programme Background The Indian Army was originally granted co-ownership of the 22 Apaches by the Indian MoD. However, the IAF refused to cede them to ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache (Indian Army)
It is a hybrid procurement, as was the 2015 Air Force one (see separate entry), employing both a direct commercial sale with Boeing and an ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64E Apache (South Korea)
Programme Background Requirement The procurement decision is the result of the shift in South Korea's warfare concept focusing on the offensive manoeuvre rather than the ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
MUM-T
The Military Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) is a UAS in development by Korean Aerospace Industries. Showcased at Seoul ADEX 2021, the MUM-T can be launched from the ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing
Air Launched Effect (ALE)
The Air-Launched Effect (ALE) is an in-development uncrewed platform from Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). Shown at IDEX 2023, it is set to come in two variants, one ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - MALE
Demogorgon
In late October 2021, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) awarded Kratos Unnamed Systems Division an initial $17.68 million 12-month cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to develop an Off-Board Sensing ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - HALE
Arrow
The Arrow is a supersonic prototype UAV developed by Singapore-based Kelley Aerospace. According to the manufacturer, the 16.8t prototype will be operated as a conventional UAV, ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - HALE
Uncrewed Checkmate
At the Dubai Airshow 2021, United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), the parent company of Checkmate manufacturer Sukhoi Design Bureau, announced its intention to manufacture an uncrewed version of ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - small
Koios
Manufactured by Callen-Lenz, the Koios is a small-UAS available in both a VTOL and non-VTOL variant. Designed for the civil and military market, as standard, ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - HALE
Defender
The Defender is a jet-powered uncrewed escort aircraft built by GA-ASI. The primary goal of the UAV is to protect high-value airborne assets, such as refuelling ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - small
Rotor Blown Wing
In March 2025, Sikorsky unveiled an as-yet-unnamed tail sitter small UAV, referred to as the Rotor Blown Wing. The UAV can transition between helicopter and ...
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Land: handheld NV devices, Land: handheld day observation, surveillance and targeting systems, Weapon sights for night use (image intensifiers)
MUM-14
The Multi-Use Mini-Monocular (MUM-14) is a modular, passive NVD designed to maintain situation awareness in a range of low-light conditions, utilising a single Gen III ...
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Data links
Micro TMA
Thales Micro TMA is a high-rate datalink designed for uncrewed platforms and video streaming applications from aircraft. It provides command and control functions as well ...
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Military helicopters - attack
AH-64D Apache Longbow
The AH-64D Apache Longbow is an out-of-production attack helicopter that Boeing manufactured. Boeing delivered the first Apache Longbow in April 1997. From 2012, the Block III ...
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Air: helicopter flight simulators
Apache Longbow Training System
The Longbow Crew Trainer is the centrepiece of Boeing’s AH-64 Apache training. Pilots and other personnel use the high-fidelity flight simulator to practice aircraft procedures ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - MALE
Gambit (Series)
The Gambit Series are five UAV variants based around the Gambit Core, a common system containing the platform's hardware: landing gear, baseline avionics, chassis, and other essential functions. ...
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Air: aerial targets
BQM-34 Firebee
The BQM-34 Firebee is an uncrewed aerial target system that the USAF and USN have used for more than 50 years. The primary mission of ...
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Military helicopters - scout/light attack
Light Armed Helicopter
The South Korean government selected Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) in July 2014 to develop the Light Armed Helicopter (LAH) and the related Light Civil Helicopter ...
